Insect monitoring using an automated deep learning pipeline has become increasingly important in understanding the crisis of insect decline. Advanced model architectures trained with high-resolution images are essential to ensure the quality of insect localisation and species identification. Recent methods struggle with limited annotated data, which requires time-consuming manual labelling for bounding boxes and domain expert-level knowledge for insect categorisation. In this paper, we present a comprehensive benchmark of object detection models for this task, evaluating YOLOv9 and SSD architectures across three distinct datasets: EU-Moths, NID-Moths, and AMI-Traps. Our experiments reveal that high-resolution inputs are a dominant factor for accurate insect localisation, with performance improving substantially with larger image sizes. In addition, we perform cross-dataset validation to verify the generalisation capabilities of YOLOv9 on these datasets, justifying the choice of the AMI-Traps dataset as our pre-training dataset for obtaining a robust detector. Finally, to leverage large amounts of unlabeled data, we investigate a pseudo-labelling and paste-in data augmentation strategy. While this technique provides only modest improvements in overall detection metrics, qualitative analysis demonstrates that it enhances model robustness, enabling the detection of insects in challenging, low-contrast conditions where a strong baseline model would otherwise fail. In our experiments, YOLOv9 outperforms SSD on the one-class NID-Moths and AMI-Traps datasets with average precisions of 0.951 and 0.742, respectively. On the binary-class AMI-Traps dataset, a larger YOLOv9 model with a 1280x1280 input resolution achieves an average precision of 0.972 for the moth category. These results indicate the importance of data-centric approaches and high-resolution imagery for building effective automated insect monitoring systems.

Insects are of crucial importance for terrestrial ecosystems but many populations decline rapidly. Conventional collecting methods are usually time-consuming, resulting in a low temporal, spatial and taxonomic resolution of data. Automated camera light traps (CLT) allow non-lethal monitoring of species-rich moths (Lepidoptera) and other nocturnal insects, but so far little is known about their performance compared to conventional collecting methods.By observing the behaviour of moths in previous field work, we hypothesized that CLT perform well in moth groups in which species tend to sit down quietly after approaching the lamp (such as Geometridae) but worse in moth groups in which species are persistently active (such as Sphingidae).We tested the performance of two CLTs, equipped with Sony alpha 7II (24 megapixel sensor) cameras that resulted in images with approx. 420 dpi resolution. The study was carried out in a forested area near Bielefeld in NW Germany for 196 nights in a row from April to September 2023, and photos were taken every two minutes during the night. All macromoths recognizable in the photos were identified and counted individually. We directly compared the data from the CLTs with moth samples obtained from conventional funnel light traps (FLTs) during 12 nights which were spread across the flight season.The resulting 420 dpi images from the CLTs allowed reliable species identification of all observed macromoths with only few exceptions due to technical problems. In direct comparison during 12 nights, CLTs recorded 39 species exclusively, FLTs recorded 48 species exclusively, and 53 species were recorded by both methods equally. During the whole sampling period of 196 nights in a row, a total of 225 moth species were recorded by CLTs. CLTs tended to record Geometridae better than FLTs whereas Sphingidae tended to be undersampled by the new method. Familes differed in the length to which they remained on the screen of the CLTs.Our study is the first to systematically compare the methods and it shows that CLTs perform overall very well. Results from CLTs differ to a certain extent from conventional trapping methods because they seem to perform worse in groups with highly active species and perform better in calmer groups like geometrid moths. CLTs are promising devices for insect monitoring since they deliver data with high resolution in time, space and taxonomy. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for the analysis of images is intended as the next logic step.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.