@article{buechner2026atlas,
    type = {article},
    key = {buechner2026atlas},
    author = {Tim Büchner and Gerd Fabian Volk and Christian Dobel and Christoph Anders and Joachim Denzler and Orlando Guntinas-Lichius},
    title = {Atlas of 3D Face Models of Facial Muscle Activation During Standardized Mimic Exercises and Basic Emotional Expressions in Healthy Adults},
    journal = {Heliyon},
    year = {2026},
    volume = {12},
    number = {14},
    pages = {e45408},
    issn = {2405-8440},
    doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e45408},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844026009230},
    abstract = {The face is three-dimensional (3D). Hence, also functional and emotional mimic muscle activation happens in 3D. Nevertheless, this is neglected in many studies as such activation is mostly presented visually in photos or videos and by intensity maps using electromyography (EMG) recordings in two dimensions (2D). Here, bilateral high-resolution facial surface electromyography (HR-sEMG) and 3D videos were recorded synchronously from 36 healthy participants (53\% female, 18-67 years). Two different HR-sEMG recording schemes were used synchronously on the face, i.e., a muscle-position oriented electrode application scheme (Fridlund scheme) and a landmark-oriented, muscle unrelated symmetrical electrode arrangement scheme (Kuramoto scheme). The participants performed a standard set of different mimic movements and expressed the six basic emotions. For each participant, 3D face models were generated showing the EMG activity during each mimic movement and emotional expression. Hyperlinks to a 3D platform were provided allowing to freely rotate the 3D models for each facial functional and emotional expression. The 3D facial visualizations of the facial muscle activity during each facial expression task are presented on the 3D platform separately for the Fridlund scheme and the Kuramoto scheme. To generalize the results, the HR-sEMG data of all participants were averaged. 3D-morphable models and holographic views were generated to represent general models of this standard set of facial expressions in 3D. These holograms can be downloaded from an online repository. The presented atlas of holographic 3D models may help to understand the real facial expressions in 3D and the underlying facial muscle's activation as it is important for medical and psychosocial diagnostics and clinical studies.},
    groups = {facialpalsy,faces},
    note = {},
}