@article{Ahmad22_MPL,
    type = {article},
    key = {Ahmad22_MPL},
    title = {A Method for Pipeline Leak Detection Based on Acoustic Imaging and Deep Learning},
    author = {Sajjad Ahmad and Zahoor Ahmad and Cheol-Hong Kim and Jong-Myon Kim},
    journal = {Sensors},
    volume = {22},
    number = {4},
    year = {2022},
    doi = {10.3390/s22041562},
    abstract = {This paper proposes a reliable technique for pipeline leak detection using acoustic emission signals. The acoustic emission signal of a pipeline contains leak-related information. However, the noise in the signal often obscures the leak-related information, making traditional acoustic emission features, such as count and peaks, less effective. To obtain leak-related features, first, acoustic images were obtained from the time series acoustic emission signals using continuous wavelet transform. The acoustic images (AE images) were the wavelet scalograms that represent the time–frequency scales of the acoustic emission signal in the form of an image. The acoustic images carried enough information about the leak, as the leak-related information had a high-energy representation in the scalogram compared to the noise. To extract leak-related discriminant features from the acoustic images, they were provided as input into the convolutional autoencoder and convolutional neural network. The convolutional autoencoder extracts global features, while the convolutional neural network extracts local features. The local features represent changes in the energy at a finer level, whereas the global features are the overall characteristics of the acoustic signal in the acoustic image. The global and local features were merged into a single feature vector. To identify the pipeline leak state, the feature vector was fed into a shallow artificial neural network. The proposed method was validated by utilizing a data set obtained from the industrial pipeline testbed. The proposed algorithm yielded a high classification accuracy in detecting leaks under different leak sizes and fluid pressures.},
    pages = {1562},
}